Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Legion Athletics Legion Phoenix Caffeine Free Fat Burner Supplement, 30 Servings at Amazon.com. Academic Staff Accounting Activewear Actors Airlines Airports American Football Players American Football Teams Amusement Parks Anti-Ageing Appliances Aquariums Art. Phoenix was formulated by a small supplement manufacturer and distributor named Legion. They utilized only high quality, 100% natural active ingredients. Shred 360 Fat Burner Hype Or Hope Legion Phoenix Fat Burner Supplement Fat Burner Vitamins Shred 360 Fat Burner Hype Or Hope Burn Off Belly Fat Fast Caffeine Free Fat. Legion's Phoenix Review . They utilized only high quality, 1. Clinical research on Phoenix displayed a proven safe fat burner, comprised of the safest components that promote direct weight loss. They’ve formulated their own Legion pre- workout, multivitamin, protein powder, and numerous. If you’re experienced with taking stimulants, such as pre- workouts or fat burners, you’re more than likely going to be just fine. Proven Safe Fat Burner Listed Ingredients? Recent research studies revealed naringin stimulates the production of adiponectin, which is a hormone involved in the breaking down of fat. While green tea catechins refer to up to six catechin molecules, EGCG is the one implicated in fat- burning effects to the largest degree. In the brain it gets converted into serotonin, one of the key hormones responsible for happiness and euphoria. Research shows that salicyclic acid inhibits the production of molecules called prostaglandins, which can hinder the metabolic effects of ephedrine and ephedrine- like compounds such as synephrine. Through this mechanism, research shows that salicyclic acid amplifies the metabolic boost caused by ephedrine and ephedrine- like compounds. Like naringin, research shows that hesperidin also stimulates the production of adiponectin and activates the PPARa receptor in fat cells. It’s chemically similar to ephedrine and catecholamines (the chemicals adrenaline and noradrenaline, which cause the breakdown of fat cells), and although less potent than those two, it induces similar effects. Forskolin also activates adenyl cyclase, which is an enzyme that converts ATP to c. AMP, thus initiating energy fat burning process. Research studies on Hordenine show characteristics of an enzyme, monoamine oxidase, which breaks down some neurotransmitters that control the release of some hormones, such as Adrenaline. Directions, Side Effects, & Warnings. The recommended daily dosage is 4 capsules split into 2 capsule doses, 2 time per day. Both doses should be taken after 2 of your biggest meals, preferably breakfast and lunch to avoid any sleep interference. The research is crystal clear: when combined with a proper diet and exercise routine, PHOENIX will help you lose fat faster. PHOENIX contains nothing. If you find the energy not sufficient enough you can combine with caffeine to maximize its effectiveness. Phoenix is a completely proven safe fat burner, so you. That being said, I did notice some people complaining Phoenix upsets their stomach when they first start using it, but I found a statement saying it usually goes away in a week or so. Not intended for use by persons under age 1. Do not exceed recommended dose. Do not consume synephrine from other sources while taking this proven safe fat burner. Consult your physician prior to use if you are pregnant or nursing, or if you are taking medication, including but not limited to MAOIs, SSRIs, or other antidepressants or antipsychotics. Individuals with a known medical condition should consult a healthcare professional before using any dietary supplement. Exert caution when using PHOENIX alongside other stimulatory and neurologically acting dietary supplements.
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Digestion is the process your body goes through to break the food you eat into substances that it can absorb and use. Chewing is an important first step in digestion. Absorption - definition of absorption by The Free Dictionary. Looking for online definition of digestive absorption in the Medical Dictionary? Mechanical digestion (definition). Absorption (digestive) synonyms, Absorption (digestive) pronunciation, Absorption (digestive) translation. Looking for online definition of Absorption (digestive). Digestion begins with chewing food, called mastication. It then moves to the propulsion phase, during which food is swallowed and moves through the alimentary canal. The small intestine, which is specifically designed to maximize the digestion and absorption process, has an expanded surface area with inner folds. Video: What is Digestion? This lesson will define the process of digestion. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products. Digestion and Absorption of Food. The gastrointestinal (GI) system includes the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) and accessory organs (salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas) that secrete substances into the tract via connecting ducts. GI system breaks down particles of ingested food into molecular forms by enzymes (digestion) that are then transferred to the internal environment (absorption). Functions of GI organs The GI tract begins at the mouth, where digestion begins with chewing. Saliva containing mucus and the enzyme amylase is secreted from 3 pairs of salivary glands, located in the head. Mucus moistens the food and amylase partially digests polysaccharides (starches). Food then reaches the stomach through the pharynx and esophagus. The stomach is the sac that stores and digests food macromolecules into a solution called chyme. Glands lining the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid that dissolves food particles and protein- digesting enzymes, called pepsin. Final stages of digestion and most of the nutrient absorption occurs in next portion of the tract: the small intestine. The small intestine is divided into 3 segments - duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach. From its exocrine portion it secretes (1) digestive enzymes and (2) a fluid rich in HCO3- ions to neutralize the acid from stomach. The liver secretes bile. Bile contains HCO3- ions and bile salts to solubilize fats. Bile reaches the gall bladder through hepatic ducts and is stored in the gall bladder between meals. During a meal, bile is secreted from the gland by smooth muscle contraction and reaches the duodenum portion of the small intestine by the common bile duct. Monosaccharides, amino acids and mineral salts are absorbed by transporter- mediated processes while fatty acid water diffuse passively. Undigested material is passed to large intestine, where it is temporarily stored and concentrated by reabsorption of salts and water. Finally, contractions of rectum, the last part of large intestine, expel the feces through the anus. Structure of GI Tract Wall The luminar surface is covered by a single layer of epithelium containing exocrine and endocrine cells. The exocrine cells disintegrate and discharge into the lumen, releasing their enzymes. The epithelia with an underlying layer of connective tissue (lamnia propia) and muscle (muscularis mucosa) are called mucosa. Below the mucosa is a layer of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle called muscularis externa, which provides the forces for moving and mixing the GI contents. The outermost layer of the tube is made up of connective tissue called serosa. The luminar surface of the tube is highly convoluted into projections called villi and microvilli; both of which increase total surface area for absorption. The center of each villus has a single blunt- ended lymphatic vessel called lacteal. Venous drainage from the intestine transports absorbed materials to the liver for processing via the hepatic portal vein. Digestion and Absorption. Carbohydrate Digestion begins in the mouth by salivary amylase and completed in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, galactose and fructose, are produced by the breakdown of polysaccharides and are transported to the intestinal epithelium by facilitated diffusion or active transport. Facilitated diffusion moves the sugars to the bloodstream. Protein Proteins are broken down to peptide fragments by pepsin in the stomach, and by pancreatic trypsin and chemotrypsin in the small intestine. The fragments are then digested to free amino acids by carboxypeptidase from the pancreas and aminopeptidase from the intestinal epithelium. Free amino acids enter the epithelium by secondary active transport and leave it by facilitated diffusion. Small amounts of intact proteins can enter interstitial fluid by endo- and exocytosis. Fat Fat digestion occurs by pancreatic lipase in small intestine. A monoglyceride and two fatty acids are produced in the digestive process. Large lipid droplets are first broken down into smaller droplets, by a process called emulsification. Emulsification is driven by mechanical disruption (by contractile activity of GI tract) and emulsifying agents (amphipathic bile salts). Pancreatic colipase binds the water- soluble lipase to the lipid substrate. Digested products and bile salts form amphipathic micelles. These micelles keep the insoluble products in soluble aggregates from which small amounts are released and absorbed by epithelial cells via diffusion. Free fatty acids and monoglycerides then recombine into triacylglycerols at the smooth ER, are processed further in the Golgi and enter the interstitial fluid as droplets called chylomicrons, which are then taken up by the lacteals in the intestine. Vitamins Fat- soluble vitamins are absorbed and stored along with fats. Most water- soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion or mediated transport. Vitamin B1. 2, because of its large size and charged nature, first binds to a protein, called intrinsic factor, which is secreted by the stomach epithelium, and is then absorbed by endocytosis. Water The stomach absorbs some water but most is absorbed at small intestine by diffusion. Regulation of GI Processes. Control mechanisms of the GI system regulate conditions in the lumen of the tract. Reflexes are initiated by: (1) Distension of wall by volume of luminal contents(2) Chyme osmolarity(3) Chyme p. H(4) Chyme concentrations of specific products. Neural Regulation of the GI tract. Impulses to the GI muscles and exocrine glands are supplied by enteric nervous system, the local nervous system of GI tract, which allows local, short reflexes, independent of CNS. Long reflexes through the CNS are possible via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, which also innervate the GI tract. Hormonal Regulation. Endocrine cells are scattered throughout GI epithelia and surface of these cells is exposed to the lumen. Chemical substances in the chyme stimulate them to release hormones into blood. Phases of GI control. Each phase is named according to where the receptor for a reflex is located. These phases do not occur in temporal sequence. The cephalic phase is initiated when sight, smell, taste, chewing, and emotional states stimulate receptors in the head. Reflexes mediated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers activate secretory and contractile activity. The gastric phase is initiated by distension, acidity, and the presence of amino acids and peptides in the stomach. This phase is mediated by short and long reflexes and activates the secretion of gastrin. The intestinal phase is initiated by distension, acidity, osmolarity of digestive products in intestine and is mediated by GI hormones and short and long neural reflexes. Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus. Chewing is controlled by somatic nerves to the skeletal muscles and the reflex activation of mechanoreceptors on the palate, gums and tongue. Autonomic nerves in response to chemoreceptors and pressure receptors in mouth stimulate saliva secretion. Swallowing is mediated by pressure receptors on walls of pharynx, which send impulses to the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata. The center activates muscles in the pharynx and esophagus. Multiple responses occur in a temporal sequence. The palate is elevated to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity, respiration is inhibited and the epiglottis covers the glottis to prevent food from entering trachea (windpipe). The upper esophageal sphincter opens and food enters the esophagus and moves toward the stomach by muscle contractions called peristaltic waves. Food then moves to the stomach when the lower esophageal sphincter opens. A less efficient, or faulty, lower esophageal sphincter results in the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus (gastro- esophageal reflux), this reversal results in heartburn and over time contributes to ulceration of esophagus. Epithelium lining the stomach invaginates into the mucosa, forming tubular glands. Parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete acid and intrinsic factor and chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Also scattered throughout are enterochromaffin- like (ECL) cells, which secrete histamine, and other cells that secrete somatostatin. The antrum, a lower portion of the stomach, secretes gastrin. Increased protein content in a meal stimulates release of gastrin and histamine, which in turn stimulates HCl secretion. Somatostatin inhibits acid secretion by inhibiting the release of gastrin and histamine. Enterogastones in the duodenum also inhibit gastric acid secretion. The precursor pepsinogen, which is produced by chief cells, is converted to pepsin by the acid in the stomach. The stomach produces peristaltic waves in response to the arrival of food. The pyloric sphincter between the stomach and duodenum opens to release small amounts of chyme into the duodenum with each wave. These waves are generated by pacemaker cells in the longitudinal smooth muscle layer and are spread out by gap junctions. Gastrin, distension of stomach etc. Pancreatic Secretions Inactive trypsinogen is secreted by pancreas and is later converted by the intestinal enzyme enterokinase to active trypsin, which digests proteins. Pancreatic amylase and lipase are secreted in active forms. The pancreas also secretes bicarbonate ions. Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK), the secretion of which is triggered by the detected presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine. The secretion of bicarbonate ions is stimulated by secretin, which is triggered by acidity in small intestine. Bile Secretion Bile contains bile salts, which solubilize fats, and bicarbonate ions, which in turn are used to neutralize stomach acids. African Mango Uses, Benefits & Dosage. Scientific Name(s): Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry- Lecomte ex Ororke) Baillon. Older references may list family Simarubaceae. Common Name(s): African mango , African wild mango , irvingia , dika ( dikanut , dikabread tree ), odika , ogbono , sweet bush mango , bush mango , iba- tree. Uses. Research on African mango shows beneficial effects for diabetes and obesity, as well as analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and GI activity. Ethnomedicinal treatments utilize the bark, kernels, leaves, or roots for a variety of ailments. Numerous studies exist on the potential industrial application of African mango in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Dosing. Clinical studies used dosage regimens of 1. African mango seed extract 3. Powders, liquids, and capsules are available from commercial manufacturers, with most common dosage regimens consisting of 1. Find here Irvingia Gabonensis Seeds manufacturers, suppliers & exporters in India. Get contact details & address of companies manufacturing and supplying Irvingia. This weight-loss supplement, made from extracts of the seeds of the fleshy West African fruit (Irvingia gabonensis also known as African mango). Oral preparation of Irvingia Gabonensis (Irvingia), like irvingia powder referred to African mango is generally use for weight loss, obesity an hyperlipidemia. African Mango (Irvingia Gabonensis) African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) has become so popular because it has been shown to help people lose weight. Wholesale Trader of Organic Herbal Extracts. The offered herbal extract is available with us in bulk. African Mango Seed (otherwise known as Dika Nut or Irvingia Gabonensis) has been shown to possibly support healthy weight loss. The soluble fiber of african mango may. African mango twice a day with food. Contraindications. Avoid use with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the components of African mango. Pregnancy/Lactation. Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Interactions. Limited information is available regarding drug interactions. Because African mango delays stomach emptying, prescription medications should be coadministered with caution. Adverse Reactions. Clinical studies enrolled a small number of patients, and mild side effects were documented. Adverse reactions included headache, dry mouth, GI complaints, sleep disturbance, and flu- like symptoms. Find 2015 Cheap Irvingia Gabonensis on Alibaba, You Can Buy Various High Quality Dress Products from Global Dress Suppliers and Dress Manufacturers at Alibaba.com. Lipids in Health and Disease. Irvingia gabonensis seeds delay. Toxicology. Acute toxicity studies documented no deaths within 2. African mango methanol extract to rats. Botany. The African mango tree is found throughout the tropical forests of Africa and is also cultivated on farms in central and western Africa. The tree grows 1. The dark green foliage is dense and the leaves are elliptical. The yellow to white flowers occur in bundles or clusters from February to March, and the almost spherical fruit appear during the rainy season from July to September. The tree reaches maturity and begins flowering at 1. The timber and wood of the tree are fine grained, hard, and durable. The ripe fruit is green while the edible mesocarp is soft, juicy, and bright orange. The mesocarp has a turpentine flavor and may taste sweet to slightly bitter. The seeds or kernels of the tree are classified as oilseeds. History. Ethnomedicinal treatments utilize the bark, kernels, leaves, or roots for a variety of ailments. The bark is mixed with palm oil for treating diarrhea and for reducing the breast- feeding period. The shavings of the stem bark are consumed by mouth to treat hernias, yellow fever, and dysentery, and to reduce the effects of poison in French Equatorial Africa. The antibiotic properties of the bark help heal scabby skin, and the boiled bark relieves tooth pain. The Mende tribe in Sierra Leone grinds the bark into a paste with water and applies the product to the skin for pain relief. In certain parts of Africa, the bark extract is ingested to produce an analgesic effect. The powdered kernels act as an astringent and are also applied to burns. The stems of the tree have been used as chewing sticks to help clean teeth. African bush mango juice produces a quality wine at 8% alcohol content after 2. German reference wine. Additionally, the fresh bark has been used to alter the taste of palm wine. The kernels of African mango are classified as oilseeds. The seeds are ground into a paste, also known as dika bread, which is valued for its food- thickening properties. The resulting product is used in soups, stews, or sauces. The fat extracted from the kernel is similar to margarine or cooking oil. Flour may also be produced from the kernels. Numerous studies exist on the potential industrial application of African mango in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Agroforestry initiatives on phenotypic variation, 1. The oil from the kernel may act as a binder in food or pharmaceutical products 1. The pulp is used for making jam, jelly, and juice and is consumed as a dessert throughout western and central Africa. The leaves are used as food for livestock by farmers. The wood is used for making walking sticks and supports for thatched roofs. Chemistry. Several studies have assessed the chemical properties of the kernels or seeds and pulp in African mango. An amino acid profile of fresh African mango seeds indicated the presence of 1. Although phenotypic variations exist, physiochemical analysis documented that the seeds contain 3% moisture, 8% crude protein, 6. The oil content of the seed provided evidence for its use in industry, and the fiber content may provide bulk, improving bowel function. Analysis of the pulp documented 8. The high moisture content of the edible pulp provides evidence for its use in the production of juice, while the low ash content indicates a low mineral content. The seeds are a good source of nutrients, containing vitamins and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and iron. The pulp is also an excellent source of calcium (2. C (6. 6. 7 mg per 1. L). 3. Aroma extract dilution analysis revealed 3. Myristic, lauric, and palmitic acids compose nearly 9. African mango seeds. Margarine- based African mango oil may provide an alternative to trans- fatty acids obtained during hydrogenation used in oil technological applications. Studies also evaluate the most efficient methods for dika nut cracking and whole kernel recovery. Dika fat may serve a role in pharmaceutical drug- release systems. Dika fat out- performed magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and hydrogenated vegetable oil when tested in tablet equipment and imparted no adverse effect on the creation and integrity of hydrochlorothiazide tablets. Microencapsulation of aspirin with dika fat offered better protection against hydrolysis when compared with bee and carnauba wax. At 5% and 1. 0% weight/weight wax concentrations, dika wax and paraffin wax were comparable in ability to delay drug release from microcapsules. Dika fat has also been evaluated as a film coating for drug release in polymeric systems. Suppositories containing dika fat blends satisfied pharmaceutical requirements of drug release and stability. Studies document that mucilage extracted from African mango seeds performed better than acacia and tragacanth in emulsion and suspension formulations. Dika nut mucilage may improve tablet strength and drug- release properties in tablet formulations. Uses and Pharmacology. Research on African mango revealed beneficial effects on diabetes and obesity as well as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and GI activity. Diabetes. Animal data. Dikanut fiber and cellulose were fed to diabetic rats over 4 weeks. The dikanut fiber supplement was more effective than cellulose at altering digestive and membrane- bound enzymes of the intestine and hepatic glycolytic enzymes, leading to reduced absorption of glucose. A similar study in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats fed dikanut fiber resulted in reduced glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in plasma. Dikanut fiber supplementation also affected liver phospholipid distributions that may alter transport of lipids in the liver. Oral administration of an African mango methanol extract at a dose of 1. P < 0. 0. 01) lowered plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats within 2 hours after treatment. The mechanism of action may involve extract stimulation of pancreatic beta- cell function or hypoglycemic activity via an extra- pancreatic mechanism. Postprandial and fasting glucose levels were reduced in normoglycemic rats administered African mango seed fractions prior to an oral glucose test. Clinical data. Although the study is limited, dikanut supplementation in diabetic patients over 4 weeks lowered blood glucose levels and normalized erythrocyte membrane ATPase activity. The ratio among the enzymes studied in diabetic patients was comparable to that of nondiabetic patients. A very similar study documents reduced plasma lipids in diabetic patients due to decreased low- density lipoprotein (LDL) plus very low- density lipoprotein (VLDL)- cholesterol and triglycerides levels. ATPase activity normalized and high- density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was increased. Obesity. Several potential mechanisms against obesity with African mango supplementation include: Inhibitory effect on the enzyme glycerol- 3- phosphate dehydrogenase involved in converting glucose to stored fat 3. Beneficial effect on the enzyme peroxisome- proliferator- activated receptor (PPAR)- gamma involved in adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity 3. Upregulation of the protein hormone adiponectin, 3. Decreased leptin expression or enhanced leptin sensitivity (inhibits food intake and stimulates thermogenesis). Animal and in vitro data. Rats were fed a normal diet and 1 m. L of African mango oil or water over 4 weeks. Abdominal fat was lower, plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher, and LDL: HDL and total cholesterol: HDL ratios were lower in rats administered the oil. Blood glucose levels were also lower in rats administered the oil. In a murine adipocyte model for adipose cell biology research, an African mango seed extract inhibited adipogenesis in adipocytes. The mechanism appears to be associated with (1) downregulated expression of adipogenic transcription factors or PPAR- gamma and adipocyte- specific proteins, such as leptin, and (2) upregulated expression of adiponectin. Adiponectin has antiatherogenic, anti- inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity. Clinical data. A 1. African mango seed extract on body weight and associated metabolic parameters. Patients received either 1. African mango seed extract or placebo 3. Patients receiving the extract improved both weight reduction (body weight, body fat, waist circumference) and metabolic parameters (plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, blood glucose, C- reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin levels). |
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